1. Detail: CREATURA ANTICA, by Roberto Ferri | 2. Detail: Head of a Woman with the Horns of a Ram (1853), by Jean Léon Gérôme.
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Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (1 March 1868 – 28 June 1914) was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Their assassination in Sarajevo sparked a series of events that eventually led to World War I.
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Maria Isabella of Spain (6 July 1789 – 13 September 1848) was an infanta of Spain and Queen consort of the Two Sicilies.
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Infanta María de la Paz of Spain (23 June 1862, in Madrid – 4 December 1946, in Schloss Nymphenburg, Munich) was an infanta of Spain. A daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain, she married her first cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria. She lived for the rest of her life in Germany, dedicating her time to her family, charity work and writing poetry. She wrote a book of memoirs: Through Four Revolutions: 1862–1933.
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Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 leading up to the Peninsular War. She was the youngest daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma, the fourth son of Philip V of Spain and Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV. In 1765 she married Charles, Prince of Asturias who ascended the throne in 1788 and thus became queen.
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Marie Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was a French princess, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Maria Leszczyńska, and the elder twin of Anne Henriette de France. She married Infante Philip, younger son of Philip V of Spain, who inherited the Duchy of Parma from his mother in 1748, thereby founding the House of Bourbon-Parma. In secondary sources she is referred to also as “Louise Élisabeth of France”. She functioned as the de facto ruler of the Duchy of Parma between 1748 and 1759.
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Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was the eldest son of the future Charles X, her father’s younger brother; thus the bride and groom were also first cousins.
After her marriage, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824. Technically she was Queen of France for twenty minutes, on 2 August 1830, between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.
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Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (17 January 1870 – 31 January 1899) was the eldest daughter of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma. She became Princess-consort of Bulgaria upon her marriage to Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the then prince-regnant (who became Tsar after her death). She was the mother of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.
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Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicilies, duchesse de Berry (5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870) was an Italian princess of the House of Bourbon who married into the French royal family, and was the mother of Henri, Count of Chambord.
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Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun – Élisabeth of France
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth, was a French princess and the youngest sibling of King Louis XVI. She remained beside the king and his family during the French Revolution and was executed at Place de la Révolution in Paris during the Terror. She is regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as a martyr and is venerated as a Servant of God.
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Maria Josepha of Saxony (4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was a Dauphine of France from the age of fifteen through her marriage to Louis de France, the son and heir of Louis XV. Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including Louis XVI, as well as Madame Élisabeth.
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Marie Adélaïde de France (23 March 1732 in Versailles – 27 February 1800 in Trieste), was a French princess, the sixth child, and the fourth daughter of King Louis XV of France and his consort, Marie Leszczyńska.
As the legitimate daughter of the King, she was a fille de France. She was referred to as Madame Quatrième (“Madame the Fourth”), until the death of her older sister Marie Louise in 1733, as Madame Troisième, (“Madame the Third”); as Madame Adélaïde from 1737 to 1755; as Madame from 1755 to 1759; and then as Madame Adélaïde again from 1759 until her death.
Adélaïde and her sister Sophie possessed the Duchy of Louvois from 1777 until 1792. The duchy had been created for them by their nephew Louis XVI, in their own right.
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Victoire de France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) was a French princess, the seventh child and fifth daughter of King Louis XV of France and Queen Maria Leszczyńska. She was named after her father and Queen Maria Theresa, her great-great-grandmother and the consort of Louis XIV of France.
Originally known as Madame Quatrième, signifying the fourth daughter of the King (an older sister had died in February 1733, before her birth), she was later known as Madame Victoire. She outlived eight of her nine siblings, and was survived by her older sister Madame Adélaïde by less than a year. The sisters were collectively known as Mesdames.
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